Communications volunteer roles in scotland, edinburgh

Organization: International Humanity Foundation (IHF)

Location:Remote

Volunteer with the International Humanity Foundation (IHF) – Donated Hours Team

Are you highly organized and passionate about promoting transparency and accountability? The International Humanity Foundation (IHF) is seeking dedicated volunteers to join our Donated Hours Team, a vital group responsible for tracking the time donated by volunteers across all departments.

At IHF, we believe that every hour given to support our mission matters. The Donated Hours Team plays a crucial role in ensuring that all volunteer hours are accurately recorded, reported, and reviewed to maintain the integrity of our global volunteer program.

What You’ll Do:

- Monitor and document hours donated by volunteers across various IHF teams.

- Collaborate with team leads to ensure accurate and timely submissions of hours.

- Maintain up-to-date records using shared spreadsheets or tracking tools.

- Support the transparency of IHF’s volunteer system by providing regular reports and flagging inconsistencies when necessary.

- Ensure donated hours align with IHF’s long-term volunteer commitment policies.

Why Join IHF’s Donated Hours Team?

- Make an Impact: Help maintain the transparency and integrity of a global nonprofit.

- Build Valuable Skills: Develop experience in record-keeping, data management, and remote coordination.

- Flexible Volunteering: Contribute from anywhere in the world, with a schedule that works for you.

- Be Part of a Global Family: Connect with volunteers and team members from diverse backgrounds and cultures.

Requirements:

- Strong attention to detail and a commitment to accuracy.

- Basic knowledge of Google Sheets or Excel for tracking and organizing data.

- Ability to follow structured processes and maintain confidentiality.

- Good communication skills and the ability to work as part of a remote team.

- Commitment to volunteering 1–3 hours per week, ideally on a long-term basis.

- Must be 18 years or older and comfortable working in a multicultural environment.

Are you passionate about fitness and the positive impact it can have on others? Do you hold a fitness qualification and interested in volunteering your time to support people in crisis? If so, we have the perfect role for you!

We know that exercise releases happy endorphins that support us to improve our mood. It also helps reduce feelings of loneliness, isolation, provides an opportunity to connect with others and build friendships. Volunteering with us at Hestia, will mean you will play a vital role in supporting people’s overall wellbeing!

We are recruiting volunteers to coordinate and facilitate fitness and general wellbeing sessions online!

What you will be doing

• Design session plans which will enable group members to increase fitness and their general well-being
• Able to recognise the needs of beginners and mixed age/ability groups
• Ensure that everyone taking part has completed a health and wellbeing form, which includes referring those with existing health issues to their GP
• Keep a record of attendees, provide feedback, and report any concerns to the staff team

The skills you need

• A skilled and qualified Fitness Instructor
• Good communication skills
• Ability to provide a supportive, and inclusive atmosphere that encourages learning and participation
• Calm and patient approach
• Willing to participate in supervision and to liaise with Hestia staff as required

What's in it for you

• Supporting You - You will have a dedicated volunteer supervisor to support you in your role; Quarterly volunteer forums with the central Volunteering team and volunteers across Hestia; References for job applications
• Developing You - You will gain knowledge and insight into issues that impact Domestic Abuse, Modern Slavery and Mental Health; You will have access to our extensive Learning and Development Programme; 40% of our departed volunteers secured a paid role at Hestia last year!
• Valuing You - We hold annual Volunteer Awards and Celebration events; We reimburse travel expenses and up to £5 for lunch for your volunteering; We hold social events and outings for our volunteers to get together and have some fun

Helping in our shops is a great way to help CHAS and, as well as helping us raise money to fund our vital services, you'll be part of a really great team of volunteers. You'll be meeting new people, using your skills or learning something new, and making sure our customers get a great welcome and all the assistance they need.

It's always great to see our volunteers chatting to customers and telling them about CHAS - and there's so much more to this role too: you could be sorting donations, getting stock ready for the shop floor, wielding a steamer or a duster, processing Gift Aid, operating the till (we will show you how), merchandising and displaying stock - you'll never have a dull moment.

It would be ideal if you could volunteer one shift each week, which is about four hours (but we're also happy to chat about more flexible times). No special skills are needed as we’ll show you what to do and we provide all the training you’ll need. But if you have any experience or particular interest please tell us, it may come in useful. It’s really easy to get your volunteering started.

Why we want you

As a Charity Shop Volunteer, you will play an important role in helping raise vital funds to support children with life-shortening conditions and their families. There's never a dull moment in our shops and in Dunfermline you'll be working both in the stock room - sorting and preparing stock - and on our shop floors, providing great customer service.

What you will be doing

• Welcoming and assisting customers and serving at them at the till
• Replenishing the stock on the shop floor
• Merchandising and displaying stock
• Accepting, sorting and preparing donations for sale
• Housekeeping on the shop floor and in the stock room

The skills you need

• A real aptitude for team working
• Good communication skills and attention to detail
• A good understanding of what makes excellent customer service
• The ability to represent CHAS enthusiastically and appropriately

What's in it for you

• Getting involved in your local community and making a difference to CHAS families
• Meeting new people
• Making the most of your existing skills or possibly learning some new ones too (maybe adding to your CV)
• Full training and on-going and support. Plus a range of accredited online courses if you're interested in personal development.

NEUROMANCERS CIC is a peer-led organisation providing autonomous, abolitionist, and accessible mental health care for and by the neurodivergent+ community. 

We are looking for volunteers who can dedicate their much-valued time and passion as Media & Admin Coordinators. We are a digitally-based, national organisation so all volunteering will be remote. 

Our Media & Admin Coordinators will support us behind-the-scenes, working both independently and collaboratively. Your main responsibilities will be writing and designing social media posts and newsletters to entertain and inform our community.

If you love creating digital content, are chronically online, and passionate about neurodivergent liberation, this may be the role for you!

Commitment: Minimum six months. Role can be renewed every six months. 

Hours: Approximately 3hrs per week, flexible to your availability. Our volunteer responsibilities are shared between multiple people. 

Tasks: We are a digitally-based, national organisation so all volunteering will be remote. You will be expected to attend monthly meetings and meet deadlines. Most tasks will be done in your own time. 

Criteria: We hope that all applicants have experience relevant to the role of interest. If not, please ensure you clearly outline how you could fulfil the role in your application.

Alongside this, applicants will be...

• Self-identified as neurodivergent+
• Organised, responsible, and reliable communicators
• Able to navigate technology such as email, design templates, or web meetings 
• Aligned with NEUROMANCERS values
• Based in the UK with access to a quiet working space
• Knowledgable about non-clinical peer support practices, Disability Justice, prison, police, and psychiatric abolition and the neurodivergent paradigm
• Committed to anti-racism, LGBTQ+ rights, anti-speciesism, anti-ableism, and total liberation for all

Are you passionate about fitness and the positive impact it can have on others? Do you hold a fitness qualification and interested in volunteering your time to support people in crisis? If so, we have the perfect role for you!

We know that exercise releases happy endorphins that support us to improve our mood. It also helps reduce feelings of loneliness, isolation, provides an opportunity to connect with others and build friendships. Volunteering with us at Hestia, will mean you will play a vital role in supporting people’s overall wellbeing!

We are recruiting volunteers to coordinate and facilitate fitness and general wellbeing sessions online!

What you will be doing

• Design session plans which will enable group members to increase fitness and their general well-being
• Able to recognise the needs of beginners and mixed age/ability groups
• Ensure that everyone taking part has completed a health and wellbeing form, which includes referring those with existing health issues to their GP
• Keep a record of attendees, provide feedback, and report any concerns to the staff team

The skills you need

• A skilled and qualified Fitness Instructor
• Good communication skills
• Ability to provide a supportive, and inclusive atmosphere that encourages learning and participation
• Calm and patient approach
• Willing to participate in supervision and to liaise with Hestia staff as required

What's in it for you

• Supporting You - You will have a dedicated volunteer supervisor to support you in your role; Quarterly volunteer forums with the central Volunteering team and volunteers across Hestia; References for job applications
• Developing You - You will gain knowledge and insight into issues that impact Domestic Abuse, Modern Slavery and Mental Health; You will have access to our extensive Learning and Development Programme; 40% of our departed volunteers secured a paid role at Hestia last year!
• Valuing You - We hold annual Volunteer Awards and Celebration events; We reimburse travel expenses and up to £5 for lunch for your volunteering; We hold social events and outings for our volunteers to get together and have some fun

Helping in our shops is a great way to help CHAS and, as well as helping us raise money to fund our vital services, you'll be part of a really great team of volunteers. You'll be meeting new people, using your skills or learning something new, and making sure our customers get a great welcome and all the assistance they need.

It's always great to see our volunteers chatting to customers and telling them about CHAS - and there's so much more to this role too: you could be sorting donations, getting stock ready for the shop floor, wielding a steamer or a duster, processing Gift Aid, operating the till (we will show you how), merchandising and displaying stock - you'll never have a dull moment.

It would be ideal if you could volunteer one shift each week, which is about four hours (but we're also happy to chat about more flexible times). No special skills are needed as we’ll show you what to do and we provide all the training you’ll need. But if you have any experience or particular interest please tell us, it may come in useful. It’s really easy to get your volunteering started.

Why we want you

As a Charity Shop Volunteer, you will play an important role in helping raise vital funds to support children with life-shortening conditions and their families. There's never a dull moment in our shops and in Kinross you'll be working in a busy team, both in the stock room - sorting and preparing stock - and on our shop floors, providing great customer service.

What you will be doing

• Welcoming and assisting customers and serving at them at the till
• Replenishing the stock on the shop floor
• Merchandising and displaying stock
• Accepting, sorting and preparing donations for sale
• Housekeeping on the shop floor and in the stock room

The skills you need

• A real aptitude for team working
• Good communication skills and attention to detail
• A good understanding of what makes excellent customer service
• The ability to represent CHAS enthusiastically and appropriately

What's in it for you

• Getting involved in your local community and making a difference to CHAS families
• Meeting new people
• Making the most of your existing skills or possibly learning some new ones too (maybe adding to your CV)
• Full training and on-going and support. Plus a range of accredited online courses if you're interested in personal development.

Seeking Website Administrator to maintain The IWI’s websites and assist members with any technical issue.

Responsibilities:

• Website Maintenance: Keeping the organisation’s websites up-to-date with the latest content, ensuring accuracy, relevance, and optimal performance. 
• Content Management: Managing and updating website content, including text, images, videos, and other media. 
• Security Management: Implementing and maintaining website security protocols, such as firewalls and encryption, to protect against cyber threats. 
• Performance Monitoring: Tracking website performance metrics, such as traffic, load times, and user behaviour, and identifying areas for improvement. 
• Troubleshooting: Identifying and resolving technical issues that may arise, such as broken links, slow loading times, or errors. 
• User Experience (UX): Ensuring the websites are user-friendly, easy to navigate, and provides a positive experience for visitors. 
• Technical Support: Providing technical assistance to website users and resolving any issues they may encounter. 

Specific Tasks:

• Managing domain names and web hosting.
• Backing up website data and implementing disaster recovery plans.
• Optimising website pages for search engines (SEO).
• Analysing website traffic using tools like Google Analytics.
• Collaborating with developers on website design and functionality.
• Developing and implementing website strategies to improve performance and user engagement. 

Skills and Qualifications:

• Technical Skills: Knowledge of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, web servers, and web security principles. 
• Problem-Solving Skills: Ability to identify and resolve technical issues quickly and efficiently. 
• Communication Skills: Ability to communicate effectively with users, colleagues, and stakeholders. 
• Organisational Skills: Ability to manage multiple tasks, prioritize effectively, and meet deadlines. 
• Analytical Skills: Ability to analyse website data and identify areas for improvement. 
• Attention to Detail: Ensuring accuracy and consistency in website content and functionality. 
• Adaptability: Staying up-to-date with the latest web technologies and trends. 

Our Friends Ageing Better (FAB) project is looking for volunteer hosts for our weekly FAB Phone Cafe. In this role you'll be helping to create a friendly, welcoming space and community connections with a group of older people facing isolation.

At Age UK Bristol, we want to change the way we age. We aim to keep people aged 55+ well and active, encouraging Bristol to be an Age Friendly city. We do this in 3 ways - through providing practical help and supporting people’s emotional and physical wellbeing in a range of ways depending on their needs.  In addition, we want to prevent people from needing our help wherever possible.  We do this in our strategic work, where we aim to create the conditions for older adults to remain healthy and independent.

We are currently looking for volunteers for our Phone Cafes on

Tuesdays 11:00-12:00 and 2:00-3:00pm

This role involves

• Welcoming older people who are new to the telephone group.
• Facilitating conversation in the group
• Keeping attendance sheets for group participants.
• Providing information about events and activities happening in the local area with the support of the FAB team

The qualities and skills required for this role are

• A friendly disposition, with the ability to create a welcoming atmosphere and include people so as to encourage an enjoyable experience.
• Ability to be assertive and intervene if necessary, for instance manage group members who may dominate the conversation
• Reliability and punctuality – calls need to run on time.
• Access to a reliable internet connection and a computer or tablet.
• Confidence in using new software so that calls run on time and everyone connects with the group (training provided; the platform we use is quite straightforward and easy to learn).
• Good verbal communication skills to make everyone feel as comfortable as possible and encourage shyer callers.
• An understanding of the needs of older people.
• Ability to respond to any Safeguarding concerns and keep the environment safe.
• Willingness to follow Age UK Bristol’s policies, such as Confidentiality, Safeguarding, Health & Safety and Equal Opportunities, and to complete any training and admin needed to perform the role.

About Us

Since the Paris Agreement, global banks have poured a staggering $6.9t into the fossil fuel industry. At Bank.Green, our mission is to lower this vast carbon footprint via technology and consumer action. We empower bank customers with the tools and insights they need to influence their banks towards sustainable lending, or switch to greener alternatives. To date, our bank-checking tool has been used over 400,000 times by bank customers worldwide, while we have shifted a at least £30m towards bank who are financing a greener future. Through transparency, engagement, and innovation, we aim to redefine the role of banks in the fight against climate change.

Role Overview

As our Director of People Team your role will be vital in sculpting the workforce that will carry our mission forward. You will help us grow by hiring passionate volunteers who are eager to contribute to our cause. Your work will ensure that our remote team members are well-integrated into our organisational culture and are kept abreast with all necessary processes and tools to make a tangible impact in our advocacy efforts.

Commitment

This role is currently volunteer-based and we are seeking a commitment of 5-10 hours per week. We are looking for somebody to come on long-term, but are open to shorter-term applicants.

Key Responsibilities

• Manage the hiring of volunteers, from job posting to working with Directors on candidate selection, to conducting interviews.
• Continue refining our existing processes to align with our remote work environment.
• Working with People Coordinator to ensuring a smooth transition for volunteers beginning and ending their tenure.
• Foster a positive organisational culture that supports our mission and values, even in a fully remote setting.
• Design occasional virtual team-building activities to promote engagement and a sense of community among volunteers.
• Provide ongoing support to volunteers to familiarise them with organisational processes and digital tools.

Desired Skills

• Experience in Human Resources, particularly in hiring, onboarding, and culture-building.
• Strong interpersonal and communication skills to connect with a diverse, remote team.
• Organisational skills with the ability to handle multiple tasks and prioritise effectively.
• Knowledge of remote work tools and best practices to effectively onboard and train volunteers.
• A proactive approach to problem-solving and creating a supportive work environment.
• An advocate for environmental sustainability, passionate about making a difference in the financial sector.

Volunteer Benefits

As a still volunteer-driven organisation, we are very focused on making all of our opportunities as valuable as possible for our volunteers. In this spirit, we will offer you:

• Opportunities to gain insights into sustainable banking practices and advancements in environmental advocacy through continuous learning.
• The chance to network with other sustainability professionals and advocates, enhancing your professional connections.
• Valuable experience in a critical climate-focused role, which will enhance your resume and skill set.
• Recognition for positive performance with supportive references and recommendations for your future career growth.
• A significant role in driving impactful changes in the banking sector to accelerate a sustainable future.

Join us in promoting health and wellness in our community! We are looking for a passionate volunteer to teach Online Tai Chi sessions for individuals with mixed abilities as part of our online groups programme. Your role will be key in supporting to reduce isolation and bringing people together! If you are qualified and would like to get involved, please apply now!

At Hestia, we support adults and children who have experienced crisis and trauma, to find safety, hope and purpose. We specialise in trauma and resilience informed support for people in crisis or who have experienced trauma – including survivors of modern slavery, adults and children escaping domestic abuse, people needing support with their mental health, and people leaving prison. We foster trusting relationships at crucial moments in their recovery, that empower individuals to

build a life beyond crisis.

What you will be doing

• Planning and deliver Tai Chi classes for diverse groups and skill levels.
• Create a welcoming environment which encourages participation
• Educating participants on the physical and mental benefits of Tai Chi.
• Providing guidance during practice, encouraging participants, and helping them achieve their goals.

The skills you need

• Qualified in teaching Tai Chi
• A friendly, approachable, and patient demeanour
• An interest in promoting health, mindfulness, and community well-being
• Excellent communication and listening skills

What's in it for you

• Supporting You - You will have a dedicated volunteer supervisor to support you in your role; Quarterly volunteer forums with the central Volunteering team and volunteers across Hestia; References for job applications.
• Developing You - You will gain knowledge and insight into issues that impact Domestic Abuse, Modern Slavery and Mental Health; You will have access to our extensive Learning and Development Programme; 40% of our departed volunteers secured a paid role at Hestia last year!
• Valuing You - Valuing You - We hold annual Volunteer Awards, outings, celebration, and social events for our volunteers to get together and have some fun; We reimburse travel expenses and up to £5 for lunch for your volunteering.

ROLDA UK is a registerd charity that rescues, rehabilitates and rehomes stray dogs and cats in both Romania and the Ukraine.

As a Champion for ROLDA, you will play a crucial role in driving our online and in-person fundraising efforts. This position is ideal for a passionate individual dedicated to animal welfare who wants to help make a tangible difference towards our rescue efforts. In tandem with the ROLDA team, you will lead initiatives, develop strategies, and inspire supporters to contribute to ROLDA’s mission, amplifying our impact.

Key Responsibilities:
● Fundraising Strategy Development: Collaborate with ROLDA’s leadership to create and implement innovative online         and in-person fundraising campaigns.
● Campaign Management: Coordinate and execute engaging, high-impact fundraising campaigns, such as peer-to-peer       fundraisers, social media drives, and seasonal events.
● Event Leadership: Organise and attend fundraising events, representing ROLDA in the community. Recruit and manage     a team of event volunteers when necessary.
● Donor Engagement: Foster relationships with existing and potential donors, recognise and thank contributors, and               cultivate new support channels.
● Social Media Outreach: Collaborate with the social media team to create content that promotes fundraising efforts and       highlights donor stories and campaign updates.
● Reporting and Goal Setting: Set and track fundraising goals, prepare reports to measure progress, and share                     outcomes with the team to enhance future initiatives.

Requirements:
● Previous experience in fundraising, sales, marketing, or community engagement (experience in nonprofit organisations is a plus)
● Strong interpersonal and communication skills, with an ability to connect with a diverse audience
● Self-motivated and able to work independently, managing multiple projects and deadlines
● Availability to attend periodic in-person events
● Passionate about animal welfare and committed to ROLDA’s mission
● Ability to pass a background check

Time Commitment:
● Flexible hours, with a minimum commitment of 5 hours per week
● Availability for occasional in-person events in your area

Benefits:
● Opportunity to make a direct impact on animal rescue efforts
● Gain experience in fundraising, project management, and community engagement
● Collaborate with a dedicated, like-minded team working toward meaningful change

If you’re ready to lead our fundraising efforts and drive positive change for animals in need, we’d love to hear from you! 

Are you obsessed with making short-form videos that grab attention, inspire action, and build communities? Do you thrive on creating reels, TikToks, and YouTube shorts that people actually stop scrolling for?

What will you be doing?

We’re breaking barriers to employment for jobseekers across the UK who are too often shut out because of age, background, or “imperfect” career paths. With your video skills, we can amplify their voices and show the world the value of untapped talent.

Your focus will be video-first content that connects, inspires, and drives growth:

• Filming, editing, and publishing short-form videos (reels, stories, TikTok/YouTube shorts) that showcase our work and motivate jobseekers.
• Repurposing longer content into bite-sized, shareable clips.
• Creating social-first trailers and snippets.
• Adding engaging captions, subtitles, and visuals that boost watch time and shares.
• Testing new video trends and formats to grow our reach on LinkedIn, Instagram, YouTube, and Facebook.

What are we looking for?

We’d love you to bring:

• Proven skills in video creation and editing (reels, shorts, TikTok-style).
• Experience with tools like Canva, or similar.
• A creative eye for storytelling and pacing that works in under 60 seconds.
• A collaborative, can-do mindset and great communication skills.
• The ability to adapt and deliver impactful content in a small not-for-profit environment.

What’s in it for you?

• A chance to shine as a video-first content creator with real creative freedom.
• Portfolio-worthy projects that showcase your ability to build audiences through video.
• Learning opportunities through our Practice Hub to grow your own skills.
• Collaboration with our Director, who will support you with strategy and ideas to fuel your success.

What difference will you make?

Your videos will do more than entertain; they’ll help real people get jobs, rebuild confidence, and prove that careers aren’t defined by age, background, or “perfect” CVs.

This is your chance to use your creativity, storytelling, and video skills to change lives, one reel at a time.

Please provide a brief cover letter explaining why you would like to volunteer with us. Interviews will be an informal online chat with our Director. 

Must have Right to Work in the UK.

Role title: Community Fundraising Volunteer - Event on Friday 1 August 2023 evening 

Location: Concert Hall Edinburgh with Music Service 

Time commitment: Flexible (at least 2-3 hrs a month)

What we're looking for

We're looking for enthusiastic, creative and organised people across the nation to be a Community Fundraising Volunteer. Around 90 per cent of our income comes from our supporters and we couldn't continue doing what we do without them. That means, our community fundraising volunteers play a really important part in rallying people together to raise vital funds which help to protect children and prevent abuse.

What you'll do

To volunteer at a Christmas NSPCC  event to support the NSPCC in various ways such as co-ordinating of raffle tickets; orgnanising prizes; helping on the evening such as supporting the NSPCC Christmas stall and merchandise.

You'll volunteer without regular time commitments, ‘as and when' volunteering! Engage with the public, organisations and local communities – promoting a positive image of the NSPCC! You'll be a valued part of one of our Volunteer Community Fundraising Teams across the UK, raising awareness and funds. We appreciate that work, family and friends come first and, with that in mind, this role offers flexibility to fit in with your lifestyle. You only need to commit to a couple of hours a month, but if you want to do more that would be great.

What you'll get

We'll support you with advice, skills and tools to help you fundraise and spread the word of the NSPCC. You'll learn more about how you're helping to protect children across the UK, and you'll have the opportunity to grow your skills and inspire others to support us. It's also a chance to spend time with like-minded people and make new friends.

Who's right for the role?

While we think this role is suitable for a whole range of people, we are particularly looking for those with the following qualities and experiences.

• Passionate about helping young people and children
• Enthusiastic and personable
• Strong organisational skills
• Able to think on your feet
• You work well within a team
• Great communication and social skills

We are currently unable to accept applications from under 18's to this role, please view our other volunteering opportunities.

Interested in getting involved? Volunteer today and join our fight for every childhood.  

NEUROMANCERS is a peer-led organisation providing autonomous, abolitionist, and accessible mental health care for and by the neurodivergent+ community. 

NEUROMANCERS was founded in 2021 by then-fifteen-year-old Aiyana Goodfellow in response to the lack of politicised community spaces for neurodivergent individuals. After years of incredible work, we are re-launching in 2025 in our new and improved form. 

We are...

• Youth Founded

• Black Led & Centred

• LGBTQ+ Led & Centred

• UK Based & Globally Grounded

Volunteer Coordinator

The Volunteer Coordinator will oversee and support the Research Collective, Care Practice Collective (Peer Support), Media Team, and Membership Team, ensuring volunteers feel valued and engaged. This role involves team management, volunteer support, and fostering a positive volunteer experience.

Key Responsibilities:

• Team Management:

  • Oversee all volunteer teams across NEUROMANCERS.

  • Ensure volunteers are aligned with organisational goals and tasks.

• Volunteer Support:

  • Facilitate a monthly drop-in session or one-to-one check-ins with volunteers as needed.

  • Act as a point of contact for volunteer questions, concerns, and feedback.

• General Support:

  • Assist with onboarding new volunteers.

  • Collaborate with the Administrative & Operational Assistant to streamline volunteer-related processes.

Ideal Candidate:

• Able to gain a fast understanding of how NEUROMANCERS works and our community programs.

• Experience in volunteer coordination or team management.

• Strong interpersonal and communication skills, flexible to different access needs, and prompt at responding. 

• Empathetic and supportive, with the ability to motivate and engage volunteers.

• Organized and able to manage multiple tasks effectively.