Research engagement manager jobs in belfast

Introduction to the Role

We are seeking a results-driven Development and Fundraising Officer to lead our grant applications, trust initiatives, and donor engagement efforts. In this international role, you will work closely with our team to create compelling proposals, coordinate fundraising events, and secure essential funding. Reporting directly to the Interim Director, you will play a vital role in shaping our fundraising strategy while working within a flexible, remote environment.

General Details

• Title: Development and Fundraising Officer

• Salary: £28-35,000 per annum based on experience and training

• Reporting to: Interim Director

• Contract: One-year renewable, Full-time (35 hours per week)

• Location: Remote

• International scope: Engage with international donors, trusts, and grant-making bodies

Core Responsibilities

1. Grant & trust applications

You will drive the research, development, and management of grant applications and trust funding. Your role involves identifying funding opportunities that align with Hong Kong Watch’s mission and preparing detailed proposals that secure essential resources for our projects.

2. Fundraising campaigns & donor engagement

In this responsibility, you will design and execute targeted fundraising campaigns and events. You will work to cultivate and maintain relationships with individual donors, trusts, and institutional funders, ensuring a consistent flow of financial support that underpins our advocacy and community work.

3. Coordination & communications

This responsibility centres on effective internal collaboration and external representation. You will coordinate with our communications teams to ensure consistent messaging, manage donor communications, and report on the impact of our fundraising efforts.

Key Tasks

• Research and application development:
  Identify suitable grant opportunities, trusts, and philanthropic funding sources both in the UK and internationally. You will draft, refine, and submit proposals that reflect Hong Kong Watch’s strategic priorities, ensuring compliance with each funder’s requirements.

• Campaign strategy and event coordination:
  Develop integrated fundraising campaigns in collaboration with our communications team. This includes planning virtual and in-person events, managing donor appreciation sessions, and ensuring that each campaign aligns with our overall mission and values.

• Donor relationship management:
  Build and nurture relationships with a diverse range of funders. This task involves regular communication, organising meetings and presentations, and providing clear, detailed impact reports that demonstrate the effectiveness of our initiatives.

• Internal collaboration and reporting:
  Work closely with the operations team to ensure that all fundraising efforts are fully aligned. You will attend monthly strategy meetings, coordinate updates, and produce comprehensive reports on campaign performance and donor engagement.

• Digital and social media integration:
  Collaborate with the communications team to create engaging online content that supports fundraising efforts. This includes drafting newsletters, managing social media updates, and developing digital materials that promote events and initiatives.

• Monitoring, evaluation, and strategic review:
  Continuously track key fundraising metrics and donor engagement levels. You will evaluate the success of fundraising initiatives, adjust strategies as needed, and prepare strategic reviews that inform future plans and objectives.

Essential Skills & Behaviours

• Grant-writing expertise:
  Proven track record of researching, drafting and submitting successful grant and trust applications.

• Excellent written & verbal communication:
  Able to craft compelling narratives and present confidently to donors, partners and colleagues.

• Relationship-building & stakeholder management:
  Skilled at cultivating and maintaining donor relationships, with strong interpersonal presence.

• Project & time management:
  Highly organised and able to plan multiple bids, campaigns and events to tight deadlines without oversight.

• Attention to detail & accuracy:
  Meticulous in proposal compliance, budgets, reporting and data entry.

• Analytical & outcomes-driven:
  Tracks fundraising metrics, evaluates impact, adjusts tactics to hit targets.

• Team-player & collaborator:
  Works seamlessly with communications, operations and senior leadership to align messages and priorities.

• Self-starter & remote-working discipline:
  Proactive, resourceful and able to manage your own workload in a flexible, home-based role.

• Cultural sensitivity & political awareness:
  Strong understanding of Hong Kong’s human rights context and respect for diaspora communities.

Desirable Skills & Behaviours

• Language skills:
  Proficiency in Cantonese.

• Event planning & virtual engagement:
  Background in coordinating both in-person and online fundraising events, webinars or galas.

• Digital fundraising & social media integration:
  Know-how in peer-to-peer platforms, crowdfunding tools and integrating campaigns with social channels.

• Budgeting & financial literacy:
  Able to draft, monitor and report against budgets for grant-funded projects and campaigns.

• Network in philanthropic/trust circles:
  Existing contacts or familiarity with UK and international grant-makers, foundations and trusts.

• Human rights or advocacy sector experience:
  Prior work in NGOs, think tanks or advocacy that demonstrates commitment to civil liberties.

• Strategic thinking & innovation:
  Creative in identifying new funding streams and piloting novel campaign approaches.

What We Offer

• Competitive salary: £28-35,000 per annum

• Flexible working: Enjoy a remote working environment with one monthly in-person meeting in London if you are based in the UK

• International exposure: Engage with a diverse network of global donors, trusts, and philanthropic partners

• Professional development: Opportunities for training and growth in the field of international fundraising

• Collaborative culture: Join a dedicated team committed to making a tangible impact for Hong Kongers and their communities

Interviews

First-round interviews will be conducted on a rolling basis, both before and after the application deadline.

Job Profile

CAFOD’s mission in the Catholic community of England and Wales is to inspire and equip Catholics to actively engage in the Church’s efforts to overcome poverty and injustice. Our regional teams focus on recruiting and supporting a dedicated group of volunteers within parish and school communities, empowering them to educate, engage, and inspire others to act in solidarity for the common good. Regional teams also collaborate with clergy and other representatives across the Catholic community to ensure CAFOD’s volunteer programme is aligned with faith life.

The primary purpose of this role is to provide administrative and communications support to the Community Participation Coordinators across England and Wales, with a focus on the West & Wales region as the first point of contact. This includes coordinating administrative tasks performed by office volunteers and identifying opportunities for process improvements. The role also involves volunteer recruitment administration, overseeing and training Office Volunteers, and ensuring effective database management.

This role can be based anywhere in the UK including our head office in London, working from home, from one of CAFOD’s Volunteer Centres, or a combination of both. The role requires occasional travel to London and other areas within the East & West side of the country. Travel expenses will be reimbursed, and time off in lieu will be granted for travel beyond normal working hours.

This is a full-time position (35 hours per week) and reports to the Volunteer Support and Development Coordinator.

Key Responsibilities Overview
The post holder will play a key role in driving smooth, efficient operations across CAFOD’s West & Wales region. As the go-to person for admin excellence and volunteer support, you’ll work closely with your line manager and colleagues in the East to streamline processes, improve systems, and keep everything running like clockwork.

You’ll lead on volunteer recruitment and engagement—welcoming new volunteers, managing onboarding, and ensuring everyone feels valued, equipped, and inspired to support CAFOD’s work. Your people skills and attention to detail will shine as you manage applications, data entry, and training coordination.

Communications will be at the heart of your role. You’ll create engaging e-bulletins and social media content that keeps our community informed and motivated, while ensuring messages are clear, consistent, and aligned with CAFOD’s wider goals.

You’ll be the guardian of accurate data, working with office volunteers to maintain up-to-date records that support smarter outreach and efficient workflows. Your collaborative spirit will help strengthen connections across teams, share best practices, and contribute to creative new approaches for engaging communities.

This is a role for a proactive, organised, and people-focused individual who’s excited to innovate, solve problems, and make a tangible impact in a supportive, values-led organisation.

Safeguarding

All CAFOD staff share responsibility to promote and maintain a strong safeguarding culture, including identifying the key actions they should take given their role and responsibilities.

Person Specification

Understanding our context

1. Understanding Catholic identity: sympathetic knowledge of the life, culture and structure of the Catholic Church in England and Wales and an ability to work effectively within it and especially an understanding of parish community life.
2. Understanding CAFOD: ability to express what motivates people to volunteer for, and support, CAFOD and the main activities in which Catholic community primarily participate. Being informed about, supportive of, and actively promoting our anti-racism work.

Working together

1. Managing ourselves: strong interpersonal skills including an ability to develop personal relationships quickly and to convince others.  Ability to be self-motivated and able to work in isolation linking with different people in a variety of contexts; confident with articulating support required for you to work well.
2. Working with others: builds positive and fruitful partnerships, particularly with volunteers; works effectively as part of a team which may work at a distance to ensure sharing of good practice and shared workload; being willing and able to help other team members and be helped to achieve delivery of shared objectives.
3. Communicating: ability to identify how best to communicate instructions and processes clearly and how this helps achieve the objectives CAFOD seeks to deliver and how to share knowledge and information across teams.

Making change happen

1. Managing resources: confident with processing data for planning, monitoring and reporting:  proven time-management, data-management and organisational skills/experience of delegating tasks clearly and making improvements to processes.
2. Achieving results: ability and willingness to focus on achieving efficiencies, especially in support of regional plans for community participation and income growth.
3. Managing our performance: ability and willingness to work to targets and achieve results.

Job-Specific Competencies

Administrative Process Improvement:

Proven ability to assess, streamline, and document administrative processes. Strong organisational skills are required to manage a variety of tasks and ensure efficient delegation to volunteers. Ability to identify inefficiencies and propose practical solutions to enhance office operations.

Volunteer Recruitment & Engagement:

Expertise in recruiting, onboarding, and maintaining volunteer engagement. You will build strong relationships with volunteers, ensuring their experience is positive and aligned with CAFOD’s mission. Experience in using volunteer management systems and managing volunteer data is essential.

Communication & Content Creation: Strong written and verbal communication skills, with experience in producing engaging content for e-bulletins, newsletters, and other media resources. Ability to tailor messaging to different audiences, ensuring clarity and consistency in CAFOD’s communications.

Data Management & Accuracy:

Attention to detail is crucial for maintaining accurate records. Experience with databases, data segmentation, and ensuring data integrity is essential. A strong understanding of data protection standards, including GDPR, will be necessary.

Collaboration & Team Communication:

Effective communicator with internal teams, ensuring smooth communication and alignment across various regions. Ability to foster positive working relationships and collaborate across teams, both virtually and in person. Proficiency with communication tools like Microsoft Teams and Zoom is required.

Training & Support:

Experience in delivering training to volunteers and staff, ensuring they have the necessary skills and knowledge. Ability to provide ongoing support to regional office volunteers, helping them succeed and contribute effectively to the team.

Adaptability & Problem-solving:

Flexible and resourceful, able to adapt to changing priorities. You will be expected to identify challenges and propose solutions to keep operations running smoothly.

Commitment to CAFOD’s Mission & Values:

A deep understanding of CAFOD’s mission and Catholic social teaching, with the ability to align volunteer engagement and administrative activities with the organization’s goals of addressing poverty and injustice.

Use of Digital Tools & Systems:

Competence in using databases, Microsoft Office Suite, and collaboration tools. Ability to train volunteers in these systems to ensure smooth operations across teams.

Project Management & Accountability:

Ability to manage multiple projects simultaneously, ensuring tasks are completed within deadlines and to a high standard. You will be responsible for delivering results aligned with CAFOD’s objectives.

Safeguarding for Children and Vulnerable Adults

CAFOD recognises the personal dignity and rights of children and vulnerable adults, towards whom it has a special responsibility and a duty of care and respect.  CAFOD, and all its staff and volunteers, undertake to do all in our power to create a safe environment for children, young people and vulnerable adults and to prevent their physical, sexual or emotional abuse.  CAFOD is committed to acting at all times in the best interests of children and vulnerable adults, seeing these interests as paramount.  Any candidate offered a job with CAFOD will be expected to adhere to CAFOD’s Safeguarding policy and sign CAFOD’s Code of Behaviour as an appendix to their contract of employment and agree to conduct themselves in accordance with the provisions of these documents. This post involves contact with children, young people and vulnerable adults, or has responsibility for people who will do, and applicants will be subject to specific checks related to safeguarding issues.  If based in the UK the post holder is required to present or obtain a Disclosure from the DBS (Disclosure & Barring Service).  If the post is based outside the UK the post holder will be subject to a different checking process.

 

All offers of employment will be subject to satisfactory references, and appropriate screening checks can include criminal records and terrorism finance checks. CAFOD also participates in the Inter Agency Misconduct Disclosure Scheme. In line with this Scheme, we will request information from job applicants’ previous employers about any findings of sexual exploitation, sexual abuse and/or sexual harassment during employment, or incidents under investigation when the applicant left employment. By submitting an application, the job applicant confirms their understanding of, and consent to, these recruitment procedures.

Please click here for a full list of CAFOD’s Staff Benefits

Come and join us and help make a real difference in the lives of the world’s poorest communities.

CAFOD is an equal opportunities employer. Recruitment and selection procedures reflect our commitment to safeguarding children and vulnerable adults.

You'll work closely with the founders and our amazing volunteer team to take responsibility for the day-to-day operations, and take the lead on process improvement across all operational functions.

Send less to landfill and more to a good cause

A Good Thing is a fast-growing circular economy app, making it easy for businesses to donate unwanted items to local charities. We have over 2,000 charities and 800 businesses using the platform, donating items ranging from bricks, branded umbrellas and envelopes to laptops, trainers and bamboo poles.

We are a volunteer-run, non-profit Community Interest Company (CIC) looking to hire an Operations Lead on a 6-month contract with a view to becoming our first permanent, employed member of staff.

A unique opportunity – about the role

This is a very expansive role, requiring a highly capable, dynamic, organised and self-motivated individual. 

As part of this role, you will:

Manage day-to-day app activity

• Review and manage business ‘offers’ and charity ‘needs’

• Provide the first response to inbound enquiries and support questions

• Verify eligibility of new charity sign-ups

• Process premium business account purchases and renewals

Support regional volunteer teams

• Onboard and train new volunteers

• Coordinate volunteer activity across the regional teams

Support ad-hoc projects, for example:

• Assist with the introduction and adoption of new app features

• Coordinate in-person events and conferences

• Conduct research for growth and partnership initiatives 

Lead operational maturity and process improvement

• Identify opportunities for automation and self-service to enable us to scale efficiently

• Identify and implement ways to scale volunteer activity

• Own the reporting of KPIs (e.g. app activity)

• Develop and maintain policies for business regulations and compliance

• Establish basic employment/HR processes (for you to become employee #1)

• Assist with and simplify bookkeeping and financial reporting

 

About you – who we're looking for

This is a broad and varied role of critical importance to the smooth and effective running of the charity.

Your experience:

• Entrepreneurial (ownership and development of an idea)

• Project management (formal or informal)

• Business operations (finance, HR, regulatory)

• Communications and teamwork

Your skills:

• Excellent organisation and planning skills, comfortable managing multiple competing priorities.

• Excellent digital skills, comfortable with learning new technologies.

• Excellent communicator, presenting complex information clearly in verbal and written form.

• Critical thinker, able to identify improvements to the way we work.

• Self-starter and a fast-learner.

Technology is at the heart of what we do and how we do it. You will be expected to quickly learn new technologies and drive new ways of using technology to help our small team work efficiently.

Experience with the following applications is not required, but would be an advantage:

• Google Workspace (Mail, Chat, Docs)

• Zoom, Google Hangouts

• Stripe, Xero

• Google Looker / Big Query

• The A Good Thing app, naturally!

How we work

This is a part-time role, but in order to support daily activity on the app, we require someone who can be flexible and spread their working hours across a five-day week.

We are a *fully-remote* organisation, meeting regularly on video calls and using messaging (Google Chat) day-to-day. We love to get together for events when we can.

We look forward to hearing from you!

Are you a visionary, hands-on leader with a bold passion for transforming childhood cancer outcomes? We're looking for a driven and dynamic CEO to lead our small but mighty charity through its next phase of growth and impact.

As CEO, you will shape and execute an ambitious strategy to accelerate change in the childhood cancer space—through fundraising and grant-giving, policy influence, partnerships, and compelling digital storytelling and campaigning. This is a rare opportunity to lead from the front, catalyse meaningful change, and work directly with researchers, funders, and leading hospitals and universities.

Key Responsibilities

• Lead the charity with integrity, compassion, and vision—building a high-impact organisation centred on outcomes and change.

• Manage the Azaylia PhD Scholarship grant-giving fund with transparency and in alignment with the charity’s funding criteria.

• Design and execute a robust income strategy across corporates, trusts, foundations, major donors, crowdfunding, events, and sponsorships.

• Leverage your network to secure and steward significant gifts and partnerships, particularly in the childhood cancer space.

• Develop digital and in-person campaigns that inspire action, influence policy, and build coalitions for change.

• Actively engage in every aspect of the charity’s operations—from strategy to hands-on delivery, in a lean and resource-limited environment.

• Guide our growing social media presence with a focus on mission-driven engagement, supported by data and storytelling.

• Build strong relationships with high-profile ambassadors, media, and influencers to amplify our voice and cause.

• Ensure financial sustainability through effective planning, budgeting, and income diversification.

• Create a purpose-driven, supportive, and high-performing team culture rooted in transparency, equity, and empathy.

Ideal Candidate Profile

• Proven success in multi-channel fundraising, with a track record of securing and growing major gifts.

• Existing relationships with high-net-worth individuals, foundations, and stakeholders in the childhood cancer space.

• Deep understanding of systems change, with experience in driving policy and institutional transformation.

• Professional experience in the childhood cancer, paediatric healthcare, or rare disease sector.

• Expertise in financial management, charity governance, and regulatory compliance.

• Excellent leadership and team-building skills with the ability to nurture and retain top talent.

• Confident operating autonomously in a remote setting, with strong organisational and self-management abilities.

• Passionate about eradicating childhood cancer and creating systemic change for affected families and communities.

What We Offer

• A unique leadership role with high visibility and potential for sector-wide impact.

• Flexibility in a remote working environment, with occasional domestic travel.

• A passionate, values-driven team committed to collaboration, bold thinking, and impactful outcomes.

About The Azaylia Foundation

The Azaylia Foundation was founded by Ashley Cain and Safiyya Vorajee after the passing of their eight-month old daughter, Azaylia. Childhood cancer is the number one killer of children in the UK, yet it receives less than 3% of cancer research funding. Backed by a large community of supporters, The Azaylia Foundation is committed to reversing this systemic underfunding through advocacy, PhD research grants, and family support for treatments not freely available via the NHS. Our flagship programme, The Azaylia PhD Scholarship Program, aims to fund 20 new childhood cancer PhDs and their research over a period of 5 years.

Group and Communities Officer

We are looking for someone to join the team who is as passionate about the power of peer support and community based connections.

Position: Group and Communities Officer (known as Group Network & Communities Officer)

Location: Home-based, UK, Nationwide. However, occasional travel will be required as part of this role (may include team meetings or other work related meetings).

Salary: £29,200 per annum (inner London weighting £3,950 per annum or outer London weighting £2,275 per annum may be applied in accordance to where you live)

Hours: 35 hours per week

Contract: Permanent

Benefits: 25 days’ annual leave plus bank holidays (this will increase with service up to 30 days, full time equivalent) cashback and discount scheme, employee assistance programme, learning and development, pension scheme, Life Assurance, Eye Care vouchers, Long Service Award, Tax-free childcare, Health Cash Plan, Working Pattern Agreement, flexible working opportunities available.

Closing Date: 26 May 2025. We reserve the right to close this vacancy early if we receive sufficient applications for the role.

Interview Date: 2 June 2025

Interviews will be held via video conferencing. Please let us know if this will present any challenges when you email your application.

The Role

You will drive the continuous improvement and impact of the UK-wide Stroke Group Network and community-based offers by cultivating strong relationships with volunteers and groups, working alongside groups and communities, and translating insights into targeted improvements that strengthen support for stroke survivors nationwide.

Group Network & Communities team lead the approach to supporting people affected by stroke to engage with a range of support within communities they identify with and support and empower a vast network of volunteers, a dynamic and inclusive community of over 400 stroke support groups nationwide.

Key responsibilities will include:

• Ensure community-based offers provide the best possible customer experience with a strong focus on accessibility and inclusion, aligned to Solving Inequity in Stroke approach.
• Drive forward a culture of coaching, shared learning, peer support and collaboration as a way of working.
• Work across teams and Directorates to ensure a joined-up approach to community engagement and development, including the delivery of cross-directorate spaces that facilitate shared learning, leading relationships with key internal and external partners and stakeholders.

About You

You will have a proven record of:

• Experience of working with volunteers, including the ability to coordinate, organise and deliver volunteer engagement events at scale or digitally
• Ability to take time to understand the context of our communities and groups, being approachable, and supporting thinking - always having people affected by stroke at the centre.
• Strong administration skills, with ability to develop and deliver effective processes.
• Ability to identify problems or opportunities where we can have more impact or add value for people affected by stroke, working with others to experiment and learn.

To fulfil the role, you must be a resident of the UK and have the right to work in the UK.

When you click to apply, you will be able to see the full responsibilities and person specification for further information on the role.

Please submit your CV, (including details of your current address), and a supporting statement of no more than two pages, specifically highlighting how you feel you may apply a coaching approach when working with our groups and communities. And demonstrating how you meet the person specification and what you bring to the role in terms of your skills and experience. Please state any preferences for flexible options in your covering letter.

If you are applying under the Disability Confident scheme, please indicate this in your supporting statement.

Finding strength through support

The organisation is the only charity in the UK providing lifelong support for all stroke survivors and their families. Providing tailored support to tens of thousands of stroke survivors each year. This support includes one-to-one and group support, funding vital scientific research into stroke prevention, acute treatment, recovery and long-term care, and campaigning to secure the best care for everyone affected by stroke. 

They are here for stroke survivors and their loved ones, from the moment they enter the new and frightening post-stroke world, supporting them every step of the way as they find their strength and their way back to life.

It’s only thanks to the generosity of supporters and donors that they can provide vital support. 

The Association is driven by an ambition to improve the lives of everyone affected by stroke. This means they’re determined to create an equitable and inclusive workplace that benefits from the difference, and thrives on the diversity, of our people. Guided by an approach to solving inequity in stroke, the team are prioritising listening to, and learning from, lived experience across the charity.

The charity are working to improve the representation of this lived experience at all levels within the Association and are eager to recruit applicants from a variety of communities and backgrounds. We are keen to receive applications from people affected by stroke, people of colour, members of LGBT+ communities, and disabled people because these identities and experiences are underrepresented and would add enormous value to how the organisation work.

A Disability Confident employer, the organisation is making great progress focusing on flexible working, reasonable adjustments and access to work. The charity has a variety of staff network groups and are committed to continuously improving diversity and inclusion efforts. If you have questions, or access needs, we’re happy to discuss any support and adjustments we can make throughout the recruitment process so that you’re able to contribute your best in a way that meets your needs.

You may also have experience in areas such as Volunteer Coordinator, Volunteer Engagement, Volunteer Management, Community Volunteer Coordinator, Community Volunteer Engagement, Community Volunteer Management, Community Partnerships, Community Outreach, Community Engagement. #INDNFP

PLEASE NOTE: This role is being advertised by NFP People on behalf of the organisation.

About The Role
Closing Date: 20th May

Location: Though this is a predominantly home-based role, you will get lots of opportunities to get out and about to produce content with our incredible storytellers, supporters, volunteers, and staff. This will involve frequent trips to London, to our offices and events. Due to the reactive nature of social, this may occasionally be required at short notice. Therefore, our preferred candidate will be based in London or nearby.
Are you passionate about creating engaging content and building vibrant online communities? We are looking for a Social Media Officer to help shape and deliver our day-to-day social media activity, reaching and inspiring audiences through powerful storytelling and meaningful engagement.
Working as part of a dynamic team, you will develop compelling content across our key social channels, provide excellent community management, and collaborate across the organisation to ensure social media is used effectively and strategically.
In this role, you will play a key part in helping us meet our campaign, team and organisation-wide goals, always guided by data, insight and impact.
You will seek out and share stories from people affected by dementia, creating social content that connects emotionally and informs powerfully. You will stay on top of trends and spot opportunities to boost engagement, finding creative ways to highlight the impact of dementia and the hope we provide through support, research, and campaigning.
If you are a creative thinker with a passion for people, purpose and social media, we would love to welcome you to our team and continue our exciting journey together to make the greatest possible difference for those affected by dementia.
About you
Can you stop people from scrolling on social media?

- We’re looking for a self-motivated, proactive individual with a passion for social media and experience working across accounts with high volumes of user engagement. You’ll know how to create channel and audience-specific content that maximises user engagement and have a talent for spotting trends and opportunities to ensure we stand out from the crowd.
- The ideal candidate will have proven experience in managing active social media communities and understand the value of nurturing online audiences through considered community management approaches.
- You will be confident creating a range of impactful visual assets (graphics, video, photo), and really understand how to get the best results in each placement. You’ll be a great communicator with the ability to tell a great story via social content, adept at writing engaging copy, but also able to manage sensitive conversations on social.
- Brilliant interpersonal skills are also key to allow you to develop great relationships with internal teams and to work closely with people affected by dementia. Whether it’s a person with the condition themselves, a carer or someone who’s lost a loved one, you’ll be able to bring their experiences and stories to life through our channels.
- Lastly, a particular interest in using analytics tools to drive performance through data and insight is essential. You’ll be confident creating reports that align with strategic objectives and demonstrate business impact.