Volunteer roles in north west

We’re looking for detail-orientated, proactive people who’d like to use their research or writing skills to help strengthen our funding applications and impact reporting.

As a Research and Bid Support Volunteer, you’ll help identify funding opportunities, gather data and evidence, and support the preparation of grant proposals. You’ll also assist with compiling feedback and monitoring information that helps us demonstrate the difference our work makes.

This role is ideal for someone who enjoys research, analysis and writing and wants to gain experience in how charities develop projects and secure funding.

What You’ll Be Doing

• Researching grant opportunities that align with our programmes and priorities
• Helping gather data, statistics and community evidence to support funding applications
• Reviewing funder guidelines and eligibility criteria
• Assisting with drafting or formatting sections of funding proposals
• Collecting quotes, case studies and outcomes to demonstrate impact
• Supporting report preparation and data organisation for monitoring and evaluation

Skills and Qualities We’re Looking For

• Strong written and research skills
• Attention to detail and ability to analyse information clearly
• Organised and methodical approach to work
• Confidence using digital tools and online databases
• Interest in community development, funding or project design
• Discretion when handling sensitive or confidential information

What You’ll Gain

• Experience contributing to real funding applications and impact reporting
• Insight into charity fundraising, project development and evaluation
• Opportunities to build research, analysis and writing skills
• The satisfaction of supporting projects that bring lasting community benefits

About Us

We are a community-led charity tackling poverty at its root by empowering people and communities to overcome barriers and build sustainable futures.

Our programmes support children, young people, adults and families through education, employability, wellbeing and social inclusion activities that promote confidence, connection and opportunity.

Safeguarding and Inclusion

We are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, young people and adults involved in our work.

Safeguarding training will be provided for all volunteers and a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) check may be required for this role.

We welcome volunteers from all backgrounds and will make reasonable adjustments to support participation wherever possible.

We’re looking for enthusiastic, motivated people who’d like to help raise awareness and vital funds for local projects that make a real difference.

As a Fundraising Volunteer, you’ll support our fundraising activities, from community events and local partnerships to online campaigns. You’ll help inspire support for our programmes that empower people, promote wellbeing and build stronger communities.

This is a flexible, rewarding opportunity for anyone who enjoys connecting with people, being creative and helping a good cause grow.

What You’ll Be Doing

• Supporting the organisation and delivery of fundraising events and activities
• Helping prepare materials such as posters, donation forms and thank-you messages
• Promoting campaigns and community events online or in person
• Engaging with local businesses, schools or groups about partnerships or sponsorships
• Assisting with donation recording and simple reporting tasks
• Helping share stories that highlight how donations make a difference

Skills and Qualities We’re Looking For

• Good communication and interpersonal skills
• Confidence speaking with the public and representing the charity positively
• Creativity and enthusiasm for community fundraising
• Teamwork and reliability
• Basic digital skills (social media or online tools)
• Attention to detail when handling information or donations

What You’ll Gain

• Experience supporting fundraising and community engagement activities
• Opportunities to build confidence and communication skills
• Insight into how charities raise funds and engage supporters
• The satisfaction of helping local projects continue and grow

About Us

We are a community-led charity tackling poverty at its root by empowering people and communities to overcome barriers and build sustainable futures.

Our programmes support children, young people, adults and families through education, employability, wellbeing and social inclusion activities that promote confidence, connection and opportunity.

Safeguarding and Inclusion

We are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, young people and adults involved in our work.

Safeguarding training will be provided for all volunteers and a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) check may be required for this role.

We welcome volunteers from all backgrounds and will make reasonable adjustments to support participation wherever possible.

We’re looking for patient, supportive people who’d like to spend a few hours each week helping others to learn and develop new skills.

As a Learning Support Volunteer, you’ll be part of a welcoming team that helps adults and young people take part in our learning, employability and personal development sessions. You’ll provide encouragement, guidance and reassurance to help participants build confidence and progress at their own pace.

This is a flexible, hands-on role for anyone who enjoys supporting others and wants to make a difference in their community.

What You’ll Be Doing

• Supporting learning and skills sessions led by tutors or facilitators
• Assisting individuals or small groups with practical tasks and exercises
• Encouraging participation and helping build confidence during activities
• Helping prepare materials, resources and session spaces
• Providing friendly reassurance and guidance to learners throughout sessions
• Assisting with feedback collection, attendance and evaluation records

Skills and Qualities We’re Looking For

• Good communication and listening skills
• Patience, empathy and a supportive approach
• Confidence working with people from different backgrounds
• Teamwork and reliability
• Organised and attentive to detail
• Willingness to follow guidance and safeguarding procedures

What You’ll Gain

• Experience supporting learning and employability programmes
• Opportunities to develop communication, facilitation and teamwork skills
• The satisfaction of helping others grow in confidence and independence
• A chance to meet new people and contribute to positive community impact

About Us

We are a community-led charity tackling poverty at its root by empowering people and communities to overcome barriers and build sustainable futures.

Our programmes support children, young people, adults and families through education, employability, wellbeing and social inclusion activities that promote confidence, connection and opportunity.

Safeguarding and Inclusion

We are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, young people and adults involved in our work.

Safeguarding training will be provided for all volunteers and a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) check may be required for this role.

We welcome volunteers from all backgrounds and will make reasonable adjustments to support participation wherever possible.

We’re looking for friendly, reliable people who’d like to spend a few hours helping out in the local community by supporting our community activities, outreach and events.

As a Community Engagement Volunteer, you’ll help plan and deliver a range of activities that bring people together, from community sessions and wellbeing projects to local events and awareness campaigns. You’ll play an active role in creating welcoming, inclusive spaces where participants can connect, take part and access support.

This is a flexible, hands-on opportunity for anyone who enjoys meeting new people and wants to help strengthen local relationships and wellbeing.

What You’ll Be Doing

• Supporting the setup and delivery of community sessions, events and outreach activities
• Welcoming participants, providing friendly assistance and helping create an inclusive environment
• Sharing information about our programmes, activities, campaigns and opportunities
• Helping us reach more people through local outreach and awareness work
• Assisting with health, wellbeing or awareness events that promote active participation
• Collecting feedback and basic evaluation information to support programme improvement

Skills and Qualities We’re Looking For

• Friendly, approachable and reliable attitude
• Good communication and teamwork skills
• Confidence engaging with people from different backgrounds
• Patience, empathy and respect for others’ experiences
• Enthusiasm for community, inclusion or wellbeing work

What You’ll Gain

• A chance to meet new people and get involved in your community
• Experience supporting local projects and outreach activities
• Opportunities to build confidence and develop new skills
• The satisfaction of making a genuine difference to others

About Us

We are a community-led charity tackling poverty at its root by empowering people and communities to overcome barriers and build sustainable futures.

Our programmes support children, young people, adults and families through education, employability, wellbeing and social inclusion activities that promote confidence, connection and opportunity.

Safeguarding and Inclusion

We are committed to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, young people and adults involved in our work.

Safeguarding training will be provided for all volunteers and a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) check may be required for this role.

We welcome volunteers from all backgrounds and will make reasonable adjustments to support participation wherever possible.

Trustee (Voluntary Position)

Location: Meetings in Crewe, Cheshire with some virtual involvement
Time Commitment: Four Board meetings and an annual conference with some virtual involvement

Term: Three years, with potential to extend
Expenses: Reasonable travel expenses reimbursed
Interview Date: 12th December

We are seeking new Trustees to help shape and grow our national charity that supports young people leaving care to live connected, interdependent and fulfilling lives. Our approach is co-designed with young people, built on psychological and relational groupwork practice, and delivered through local house projects (LHPs) across England and Scotland.

You’ll join a small, committed Board working alongside staff and young people to support good governance, strategic development and continued growth. This is an exciting time, with new LHPs launching each year and a strong movement of young people influencing the work at every level.

About the Role

Trustees work collectively to:

· Ensure financial stability and legal compliance

· Provide strategic guidance and oversight

· Support a positive, inclusive organisational culture

· Champion the voice and experience of young people in decision making

· Act as a constructive partner to the senior leadership team

There are four in-person Board meetings a year in Crewe, usually on Wednesdays between 11am and 3pm with young people attending as expert advisors.  Trustees also attend an annual conference hosted by young people plus occasional virtual working groups relevant to their skills.

Who We’re Looking For

Previous Trustee experience is not essential. Full induction and ongoing support are provided.

We are particularly interested in applicants with skills or experience in any of the following areas and would love to hear from people who are care experienced :

· Children’s Social Care  

· Safeguarding

· Law and legal services

· Finance and accountancy

· Ai , Cyber security and digital services

· PR, Communications and marketing

More importantly, you will:

· Be committed to improving outcomes for young people leaving care

· Value equity, diversity and inclusion

· Offer sound judgement and effective decision making

· Be willing to work collaboratively as part of a team

· Share knowledge, professional insight or networks that could strengthen our work

We actively welcome applications from people of different backgrounds, ages, abilities, identities, beliefs and those with lived experience of care.

What We Offer

· A meaningful opportunity to influence change for young people

· Full induction and mentoring for new Trustees

· A supportive and collaborative Board environment

· Reimbursement of reasonable travel expenses

How to Apply

Please send a CV and a short covering statement explaining why you are interested in becoming a Trustee and what skills or experience you would bring.

Are you fascinated by the history of clock and watchmaking? Do you work in clockmaking or watchmaking? Or perhaps you have expertise in website development and digital technology? 

Clocktime is seeking two new trustees to join our board: 

1. A trustee with knowledge and interest in horology 

2. A trustee with website/tech expertise 

About Clocktime 

Horology is the study and measurement of time and the science and art of making clocks and watches. 

The Clocktime website is a digital museum created by the world-renowned inventor Dr John C. Taylor OBE FRSEng. It is Dr Taylor's passion project and is inspired by the innovative spirit of the early clockmakers. Its design is playful, informative and engaging. 

Dr Taylor is the museum’s Patron; however, we are now starting the museum as a standalone organisation to increase the public understanding of horology and to support the endangered crafts of clock and watchmaking.   

What we are looking for 

We are seeking trustees who share our enthusiasm for this unique project and commitment to preserving this important legacy for the nation and can contribute their specialist knowledge to help guide the charity's development. All trustees must adhere to the principles of public life. 

If you are interested in joining us, we would love to hear from you. Please complete a short application form to indicate your interest and experience. 

Tempus fugit cum ludis (time flies when you are having fun)! 

About YAUK

Youth Advantage UK is a charitable organization that uses a research-led approach to inform policy work and projects
that aim to promote and further the human rights of young people aged 11 to 25 across the United Kingdom.

Please note that this is a VOLUNTEER role.

We won't accept applications from individuals residing outside of the UK as we operate on the principle of bettering the lives of young people in the UK. Therefore, we require our volunteers to have an understanding of what it is like to live in the UK.

This is an opportunity for someone who holds a PhD or Research Master’s degree to join our team as a Research Manager, and use their experience in guiding and managing our research function(s). Initially there will be a focus on managing the preliminary research function, which carries out research on specific topics to best inform, guide and direct our work in protecting the rights and interests of young people.

Responsibilities

· To manage welfare of researchers

· Look after day to day management and support of teams, stand in for absences (including undertaking research tasks, where necessary).

· Monitor and report on performance

· To advise on and provide feedback on matters of research

· To line manage senior researchers

· To advise on, guide and manage research workflow, ensuring of ethical research and policy compliance

· To ensure of a focus on organizational goals

· To lead planning as required

· To have oversight on research being carried out and the outcomes of such, ensuring it is to a high standard

You will need

· A PhD or Master’s degree

· To have experience operationally in a research role

· To understand how to motivate a team and manage others

Benefits

This is a UK based 100% fully remote and flexible role with a time commitment of 5 hours per week.

Supportive Team and Management to enhance your skills and build on your experience.

Your work will help transform and empower many young people’s lives, rights and interests and assist in promoting equality for all young people.

Why volunteer with us?

We are a supportive and friendly organisation that takes pride in developing and nurturing our staff and providing them with excellent opportunities to thrive and further encourage their career growth and future aspirations.

We offer a fully remote working environment and a flexible and adaptable working schedule. This is an excellent opportunity to join a growing organisation, enhance your skills, and gain valuable experience to help you begin your career in Research as we endeavour to grow our organisation and continue to make positive changes to the lives of young people. If this sounds like you and you are interested in applying for this position, please submit your CV.

We look forward to hearing from you!

About YAUK

Youth Advantage UK is a charitable organization that uses a research-led approach to inform policy work and projects that aim to promote and further the human rights of young people aged 11 to 25 across the United Kingdom.

Please note that this is a remote VOLUNTEER role.

We won't accept applications from individuals residing outside of the UK as we operate on the principle of bettering the lives of young people in the UK. Therefore, we require our volunteers to have an understanding of what it is like to live in the UK.

Responsibilities

• Provide support to the CEO on matters of urgency and importance to the organization.
• Manage the agenda for meetings the CEO holds ensuring all actions are allocated for actioning
• Sign post management across the organisation as required
• Handle multiple tasks and priorities simultaneously
• Organizing and coordinating meetings, appointments, and events to ensure efficient time management for the CEO
• Handling Communications: Acting as the first point of contact for the CEO, managing correspondence.
• Preparing reports, presentations, and other documents needed for meetings and decision-making.
• Assisting with various administrative tasks such as record-keeping and office management.
• Coordinating specific tasks as assigned by the CEO
• Acting as a bridge between the CEO and other senior management, ensuring smooth communication

Requirements

• Excellent communication skills.
• Excellent organizational skills.
• Experience in fast-paced environments.
• Good IT skills.
• Ability to use remote systems.
• Ability to engage with others well.
• Good people skills.

Benefits

• This is a UK-based, 100% fully remote and flexible role.
• Supportive team and management to enhance your skills and build on your experience.
• Your work will help transform and empower many young people’s lives, rights, and interests and assist in promoting equality for all young people.

Why Volunteer with Us?

We are a supportive and friendly organization that takes pride in developing and nurturing our staff and providing them with excellent opportunities to thrive and further encourage their career growth and future aspirations.

We offer a fully remote working environment and a flexible and adaptable working schedule. This is an excellent opportunity to join a growing organization, enhance your skills, and gain valuable experience. If this sounds like you and you are interested in applying for this position, please submit your CV.

We look forward to hearing from you!

Job Description:
Youth Advantage UK is seeking a volunteer Director of National Impact to develop and lead its National Impact Directorate in identifying and delivering on opportunities for the organisation to grow its impact. The successful candidate will be responsible for ensuring the Directorate’s two Departments (Research and Project) produce high-quality research and related projects and events able to influence decision-making and policy on a national scale in line with the organisation’s strategic priorities. Working closely with the COO and the Policy and Ethics teams, the ideal candidate will use their prior experience to effectively guide and strengthen the organisation’s ability to enable evidence-based, national change. They should have excellent writing and speaking skills, IT literacy, and the ability to work well independently and in a team.

This role reports directly to the Chief Operating Officer.

Responsibilities:

● In line with the organisation’s strategic priorities, to lead the National Impact Directorate in designing, developing and implementing impactful research and project objectives.

● To line manage the Head of the National Impact Research Department and the Head of the National Impact Project Department, supporting them to effectively manage their own teams and to develop and implement the frameworks necessary for producing top quality research output (including academic articles) and subsequent events, campaigns and project relating to research findings and organisational strategy respectively.

● To work with HR in creating a strong National Impact Directorate composed of individuals with the appropriate skills and expertise. To ensure these volunteers are appropriately supported and trained during their period of service.

● To work alongside the Policy team to source potential commissions and influencing opportunities, shaping research and project focus and output accordingly.

● To develop short- and long-term strategies in relation to both aspects of the Directorate’s activity, ensuring that these align with the wider strategies of the organisation.

● To liaise with the Policy and Ethics teams on an ongoing basis, ensuring that their advice is incorporated into Directorate decisions and output.

● To take responsibility for relationships with key external stakeholders, at all times representing the organisation positively and professionally.

● To work on an on-going basis with the other members of the organisation’s Senior Leadership Team in determining its strategic priorities and incorporating these into the Directorate.

● To monitor, analyse and respond to external trends which impact on the organisation’s strategies and the National Impact Directorate’s activities.

● To work closely with the organisation’s Communications team in developing and implementing effective strategies to raise the organisation’s profile and impact.

● To create blogs and articles on related issues and to find and distribute information on related topics which may be of interest to the other organisation members.

● To support the Chief Executive Officer in presenting national impact strategies to Youth Advantage’s Trustees.

Requirements:

● Experience in research and planning, as well as leading key campaigns or programmes.

● High-level understanding of carrying out quality research, ideally in an area related to the organisation’s priorities.

● Excellent knowledge of a range of methods and approaches to effectively disseminating research results.

● Excellent leadership and organisational skills, with proven experience of setting priorities and motivating team members.

● Excellent writing and speaking skills.

● IT literacy, including proficiency with Microsoft Office and Google Suite.

● Ability to work well independently and in a team.

● Strong attention to detail and organisational skills.

● Ability to prioritise tasks and manage time effectively.

Benefits

● Gain valuable experience in leading a research and project team.

● Opportunity to work with a dedicated and passionate team.

● Flexible working hours.

Job Description:
Youth Advantage UK is seeking a volunteer Head of Local Operations to lead the launch and on-going delivery of its commissioned research projects in England and Wales. The focus of these projects will be obtaining and analysing primary and secondary data in order to help smaller community organisations improve their ways of working and effectively report on their impact. The successful candidate will be responsible for ensuring their teams deliver these projects within the agreed time-scales and in line with the goals agreed with the commissioning organisations, growing Youth Advantage’s reputation and reach.

Working closely with the Departmental Director, the ideal candidate will use their prior experience to effectively contribute to the organisation’s ability to enable evidence-based, positive local change. They should have excellent leadership, writing and speaking skills, IT literacy, and the ability to work well independently and in a team.

This role reports directly to the Director of Local Operations.

FOI Researcher (Voluntary)

Location: Remote

Commitment: Flexible, part-time volunteer role

Organisation: Youth Advantage UK

About the Role

Youth Advantage UK is seeking passionate and detail-oriented volunteers to join our team as Freedom of Information (FOI) Researchers. In this role, you will play a vital part in supporting our advocacy and research projects by drafting, submitting, and tracking FOI requests to public bodies across the UK. The data you help uncover will directly inform our campaigns, reports, and youth-focused initiatives.

Key Responsibilities

• Draft clear, accurate, and effective FOI requests tailored to specific project needs

• Submit FOI requests to relevant public authorities and track their progress

• Follow up on outstanding requests to ensure timely responses

• Review and interpret data received from FOI responses

• Collaborate with project leads to integrate findings into reports and campaigns

• Maintain accurate records of requests, correspondence, and outcomes

What We’re Looking For

• Familiarity with the UK Freedom of Information Act and FOI request procedures

• Strong written communication and research skills

• Ability to interpret and summarise data clearly

• Organised, proactive, and able to manage multiple requests simultaneously

• A commitment to transparency, accountability, and youth empowerment

• Previous experience with FOI requests (desirable but not essential)

What You’ll Gain

• Experience in legal research, public accountability, and data analysis

• Insight into public sector transparency and youth advocacy work

• Flexible volunteering that fits around your schedule

• A chance to make a tangible impact on youth-focused projects

African Development Choices (ADC) is a UK-based Social Enterprise on a mission to reduce poverty by empowering communities to make more informed choices in the management of public resources.

ADC’s purpose is to enable communities to independently meet their needs for essential services, such as clean water and safe sanitation and improve lives in Africa.

At ADC we encourage a working culture of seeking and giving input, showing and taking initiative, and commitment to the organisation and its purpose.

We now have an exciting opportunity for a volunteer Senior Web Developer to join ADC.

Main purpose of job: Develop and maintain the ADC website

Division: Operations

Department: Marketing & Communications

Position reports to: Head of Marketing & Communications

Who reports to this position: N/A

Main Duties and Responsibilities
 

· Develop responsive and adaptive website, ensuring optimization for mobile devices and cross-browser compatibility

· Work closely with web designers to match visual design intent and to perfect site aesthetics

· Ensure website meets usability and accessibility web standards

· Test and improve website functionality and performance over time

· Put in place a robust backup and recovery procedure

Knowledge, Skills and Experience

Essential
 

· 3+ years experience as a Senior Web Developer

· Excellent knowledge of WordPress, HTML, CSS and JavaScript

· A keen eye for design and detail, and passion for building modern and elegant websites powered by WordPress

· A strong understanding of optimisation for mobile devices, cross-browser compatibility, responsive web design, and general web functions and standards

· Good experience building website pages from scratch in WordPress

· Ability to work both with autonomy and as part of a team

· Available to volunteer at least 7-10 hours a week

· Ability to actively take initiative and help set things up in a start-up environment

· Ability to actively seek and give input in a collaborative team environment

· A committed team player with good communication skills.

Desirable
· Experience working in an early stage star-tup and gone through a scaling phase

· Passion for the start-up life and comfortable in a role with a little ambiguity

What ADC offers you:

• Free training and learning opportunities
• An opportunity to build your work experience within the field of web development
• An opportunity to be part of a team that is changing lives in Africa
• We provide work references

This job description is a written statement of the essential characteristics of the job, with its principal accountabilities, incorporating a note of the skills, knowledge and experience required for a satisfactory level of performance. This is not intended to be a complete, detailed account of all aspects of the duties involved.

Here at African Development Choices, we celebrate diversity, equity, and inclusion. Our teams are made up of people from all over the world and we welcome all applications. If you are disabled or have a long-term health condition, and you require any reasonable adjustments for your application with us, please let us know by contacting recruitment(at)africandevelopmentchoices(dot)org.

Role: Finance Assistant (Voluntary - potential to become paid)
Organisation: ThriveSpark CIC, Southampton (hybrid)

Purpose
Keep our finances tidy, timely and transparent so we can deliver more support to our community.

Key responsibilities

• Process invoices, expenses and receipts; maintain accurate ledgers.

• Prepare simple bank reconciliations and monthly dashboards.

• Track budgets vs. actuals; flag variances and cash-flow risks.

• Maintain orderly digital records for audit/readiness and funder reports.

• Support payroll administration and volunteer expenses (as required).

• Help improve financial processes, controls and templates.

• Uphold confidentiality, GDPR and good financial governance.

Person specification

• Numerate, organised and attentive to detail.

• Comfortable with Excel/Google Sheets; experience with Xero/QuickBooks/Sage (desirable).

• Clear communicator; able to explain numbers to non-finance colleagues.

• Integrity and discretion when handling sensitive information.

• Understanding of charity/CIC finance (or willingness to learn).

• References and basic DBS check required (organisation-funded).

Time & commitment

• Approx. 3–5 hours per week; flexible scheduling.

• Minimum 6-month commitment preferred.

What you’ll get

• Induction, finance systems training and ongoing supervision.

• Expenses reimbursed and access to CPD.

• A clear pathway that may convert to a paid role subject to funding and performance.

How to apply
Apply via CharityJob with your CV and a short statement on availability and relevant experience. We welcome applicants with non-traditional backgrounds and lived experience.

Role Description - Peer Support Group Leader (Voluntary) 

Lead safe, welcoming peer-support groups for neurodivergent adults (with a focus on ADHD), building community, confidence and fair access to help.

Key responsibilities

• Plan and facilitate group sessions that are calm, inclusive and boundaried.

• Welcome participants, set/hold group agreements, and manage dynamics sensitively.

• Identify risk, de-escalate where needed, and follow safeguarding procedures.

• Signpost to local services and resources; encourage peer-to-peer support.

• Keep brief attendance/impact notes and handle data in line with GDPR.

• Liaise on venues, accessibility and materials; ensure spaces are neuro-affirming.

• Attend training, supervision and debriefs; contribute to service improvement.

Person specification

• Compassionate, non-judgemental listener with strong facilitation skills.

• Confident setting boundaries and managing difficult conversations.

• Organised, reliable, and comfortable with basic admin/digital tools.

• Knowledge of (or willingness to learn about) ADHD/neurodiversity and local support.

• Lived experience of ADHD/neurodivergence or mental health is welcomed.

• Understanding of safeguarding and confidentiality (training provided).

• Enhanced DBS and references required (organisation-funded).

Time & commitment

• Approx. 2-4 hours per week (including prep, session and notes).

• Minimum 6-month commitment preferred; flexible scheduling.

What you’ll get

• Induction, safeguarding and trauma-informed practice training.

• Regular supervision and a supportive team culture.

• Travel and out-of-pocket expenses reimbursed.

• Clear progression pathway; role may convert to paid subject to funding and performance.

How to apply
Apply via CharityJob with a CV and a short note on your availability and why this role interests you. We welcome applications from people with lived experience and from under-represented groups.