Head of supporter recruitment jobs in Manchester

In2research Alumni Officer

Job Description 

Reports to: Head of Programmes 

Part Time (0.6) - £27,675 per annum FTE (9 month fixed-term contract)

In2research is a high impact and evidence informed social mobility programme for socioeconomically disadvantaged people to access and progress in postgraduate study. Our mission is to drive sector change across institutions towards an inclusive research culture. We strongly believe that it is not enough to guide underrepresented people into postgraduate study, but to ensure that the culture they are entering is inclusive and a place where they can thrive. Over a year, we support participants to gain vital access to both knowledge and opportunities including a paid 8-week research placement and subject specific mentoring. 

As the In2research Alumni Officer, you will deliver a programme of continued support for the In2research participants increasing their ability to apply and be admitted to postgraduate research degrees and opportunities, as well as supporting our mission to foster an increased sense of belonging within the research community for individuals from minority groups. The post holder will have strong knowledge and understanding of the barriers facing young people from low socioeconomic and minority backgrounds accessing postgraduate research degrees and research opportunities.

The post holder will be someone who thrives working with young people and is passionate about supporting them progress to postgraduate research opportunities as well as supporting to achieve the In2research vision of creating a more diverse culture in academia.

In2scienceUK is a remote-based organisation, that requires occasional travel across the UK for events, internal & external meetings and staff co-working days.

Your specific duties will include:

•  Delivering a high quality programme experience to support In2research alumni, aligned with learning objectives, beneficiary insights, our theory of change and resource.

• Develop and deliver engaging alumni communications e.g. newsletters, email updates, linkedin group posts, to keep In2research alumni informed of relevant news, opportunities and events.

• Maintain and develop new relationships with relevant partners to secure deliver online and in-person workshops and events aligned to In2research alumni progression milestones. e.g. "What is a viva and how to prepare for one" & PhD retreats.

• Work with our delivery partners to provide students application support e.g. application clinics.

• Support the delivery of one off in person events, e.g. the In2scienceUK celebration event.

• Maintaining up to date alumni records, in accordance with data protection, as well as working closely with the Data, Impact and Evaluation Manager to evaluate and report on In2research participant progression.

• Support with the collection and creation of case studies and alumni stories to promote alumni achievements and strengthen the community.

• Support the planning and delivery of organisational in-person events e.g. celebration days/conferences.

• Work closely with the In2research programme, fundraising teams and wider organisation to ensure funder requirements are met, and activities communicated.

• Support the wider In2research team with the current programme, and development of future aspects of the programme, where relevant.

As duties and responsibilities change, the job description will be reviewed and amended in consultation with the post holder. The post holder will carry out any other duties that are within the scope, spirit and purpose of the job as requested by the line manager. All staff must undertake all mandatory training, checks and compliance as instructed by the organisation.

Essential: 

• Prior experience managing alumni communities.

• Prior experience of working with students transitioning from higher education to postgraduate research degrees and detailed understanding of PGR pathways.

• A clear understanding of the social and economic barriers that prevent individuals from progressing into postgraduate research opportunities.

• Excellent organisational skills, able to multitask and manage a varied workload while paying attention to the details.

• Experience developing and maintaining strong working relationships with internal and external stakeholders at various levels.

• Experience designing and delivering events, both online and in-person, such as workshops and networking events.

• Excellent written and verbal communication skills, with strong presentation skills and an ability to adapt to a range of audiences.

• Flexible and adaptable, with an ability to pick up new tasks quickly, showing resilience when faced with challenges.

• Knowledge, understanding or experience of programme or project evaluation. 

• Working collaboratively and supporting fostering a collegiate workplace environment.

• Upholds the values of our code of conduct and is respectful to all.

• Competent user of Google Suite, Canva, email marketing software.

Desirable: 

• Prior knowledge or experience of GDPR and safeguarding.

• Experience of using task/project management software and databases.

• Experience delivering programmes and/or projects within the education and academic sector.

Benefits: 

At In2scienceUK we practise what we preach by giving all staff opportunities to progress in their careers. You will have the opportunity to develop your career with guidance from your line manager to get you to the next level from day one. 

Although we take our career development seriously we also value work life balance. You will have the opportunity to work flexibly from home, balancing your caring responsibilities, volunteer commitments, hobbies and anything else that makes you happy. 

In2scienceUK offers a Pension Salary Sacrifice Scheme along with other staff benefits. These include financial and wellbeing support through our employee assistance programme (EAP) and 100’s of retail and high street discounts.

You will have 28 days of annual leave per annum (pro rated to 0.6 FTE equivalent), plus bank holidays. 

Commitment to Safeguarding: 

In2scienceUK is committed to our responsibilities for safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, young people and vulnerable adults as outlined in Working Together to Safeguard Children. We are committed to recruiting candidates who share this commitment to safeguarding, and therefore we apply robust recruitment and selection procedures to ensure that the people selected are right for the job, and that all candidates are appropriately screened prior to appointment. 

The following pre-employment checks will be undertaken as applicable:

• References 

• DBS check and/or Overseas criminal records check where applicable

• Self-Disclosure 

• Identity check 

• Right to work in the UK 

• Evidence of qualifications applicable to the role 

• Confirmation of registration with applicable registered body where applicable 

Many of our roles involve working with children and we will therefore take up references prior to your appointment. You should provide details of referees including your current and previous employers, covering the last 5 years. Your current or previous employer will be asked about disciplinary offences relating to children, if the role involved working with children, including any in which the penalty is time expired. We will also ask if you have been the subject of any child protection concerns and if so, the outcome of any enquiry or disciplinary procedure.

As CEO, you will work closely with our Board and Senior Leadership Team to shape a bold vision for Bolton CVS, ensuring our work remains innovative, inclusive, and impactful. You will enable trust, shared accountability, and collective ambition; strengthening our position as a catalyst for collaboration, equity, and social change.

From influencing policy to driving investment into the sector, your leadership will help organisations and individuals thrive. You will champion financial sustainability, nurture a values-driven culture, and enable colleagues to take ownership and deliver exceptional support.

As a trusted advocate, you will represent Bolton CVS and 10GM in strategic spaces and high-profile events, amplifying the voice of the VCSE sector and forging partnerships that unlock opportunity and resilience.

We're looking for someone who:

Leads with Energy: Brings dynamic, values-driven leadership that motivates teams and partners toward shared goals. Creates momentum and a culture of ambition and collaboration.

Thrives in the Fast Lane: Enjoys an evolving environment and embraces new challenges with enthusiasm, agility and resilience.

Adapts and Innovates: Translates strategic ambition into clear priorities and measurable outcomes that deliver lasting change. Anticipates future needs, embraces innovation, and leverages new approaches to strengthen organisational and sector-wide effectiveness and impact.

Celebrates Diversity: Promotes equity, diversity, inclusion and belonging. Builds an organisational culture where all voices are valued and shape decisions.

Connects Hearts and Minds: Builds authentic relationships with stakeholders, partners, and communities. Creates trust and shared purpose to unlock collaboration and collective impact.

Speaks the Language of Impact: Communicates with clarity and influence across diverse audiences. Articulates complex ideas in ways that inspire confidence, engagement, and action.

Navigates Complexity: Provides strategic leadership across internal operations and external partnerships. Balances organisational priorities with sector-wide opportunities to drive alignment, collaboration, and sustainable outcomes.

Leads Through Challenge: Provides confident, values-driven leadership in sensitive or high-pressure situations. Creates space for constructive dialogue, builds consensus, and transforms challenges into opportunities for growth and resilience.

Ready to Lead Boldly? If you’re prepared to bring vision, energy and influence to the table, this is your opportunity to strengthen the future of Bolton CVS, 10GM and the wider VCSE sector. As CEO, you’ll be at the heart of driving collaboration, championing equity, and unlocking potential, helping organisations and communities thrive. This isn’t just a role; it’s a chance to lead with purpose and make a lasting impact.
 

5Rights is seeking to recruit an exceptional, UK-based Policy and Public Affairs professional to take forward our ground-breaking digital policy and corporate accountability work.​
​
About 5Rights​​

5Rights Foundation exists to ensure a digital world that will serve children and young people today and for future generations. We are a small team of senior professionals and experts delivering change in how the digital world works. We have shifted the narrative and the agenda through provocative comms campaigns (e.g. Twisted Toys), pioneering research (e.g. Pathways) and award-winning tools (e.g. Child Online Safety Toolkit). We continue to drive real-life change thanks to an outstanding track-record of delivering legislation (e.g. Californian Age Appropriate Design Code), policy and regulatory frameworks (e.g. UNCRC General comment No.25), and industry standards (e.g. IEEE 2089).​

Role Purpose​

We are seeking to recruit an ambitious and driven Public Affairs Officer to support the delivery of our advocacy strategy in the UK. Reporting to the Head of UK Affairs, you will play a vital role in analysing policy and political developments, crafting engaging briefings and reports, and nurturing relationships with essential stakeholders in civil society and politics.​​

Key Responsibilities​

The core responsibilities and tasks are:

• ​To lead on analysis of UK policy and political developments and legislative and regulatory materials.
• ​To support on drafting briefings, position papers, consultation responses and reports in line with 5Rights positions.  
• ​To support in building and maintaining relationships important to the UK team’s work with key partners, political stakeholders, and stakeholders in civil society and beyond, both individually and as part of coalitions. 
• ​To support on briefing political stakeholders, senior colleagues, or external partners on 5Rights positions and take the lead on arranging events for a range of different audiences.   
• ​To support with the organisation of the UK team, including arranging internal and external briefings, creating, and maintaining stakeholder lists, research depositories and other databases as are relevant.  
• ​To support on creating content for social media and external channels. ​​

Person specification

• ​You will have at least two years’ experience in a public affairs, UK parliament or other relevant role.  
• ​You will have an understanding of the UK parliamentary system and an interest in UK politics.  
• ​You will be a confident and clear communicator, both verbally and in writing.  
• ​You will be well organised with the ability to manage competing tasks and projects at the same time.  
• ​You will be looking to develop new skills and be comfortable working independently on certain projects.   
• ​You will have a commitment to our values and mission.  
• ​You will have an interest in children’s rights, the tech industry and digital services and products.  ​​

Practical details

​Location: This is a remote-working position based in London, with access to a co-working office space two times per week.

​Salary: £34,500 per annum. The final offer will depend on skills and experience.

​Working hours: Full time (38 hours per week), with occasional accommodation necessary for work across time-zones. 

​Statutory pension contribution

​25 days annual leave + 1/day per year worked

​Work equipment including a laptop will be provided.

​Starting date: ASAP, depending on notice period.

​Reporting line: Head of UK Affairs, based in the UK​​

5Rights values diversity and we strongly encourage people from under-represented groups to apply for this role. We aim for our recruitment to be inclusive and equitable, and we strive to constantly learn and improve in this regard. ​

How to apply​

Please send your CV and a brief cover letter via the link on our website by 11th January 2026. Please include where your heard about this role. ​

TRUST FUNDRAISER

Do you enjoy turning compelling ideas into well-crafted trust applications that fund meaningful mission?

International Mission to Jewish People (IMJP) is a faith-driven organisation with a nearly 200-year history of sharing the Good News of Jesus with Jewish people across the UK, Israel, the USA, and beyond. As IMJP continues into a new season of opportunity and responsibility, the organisation is strengthening its fundraising team to ensure vital mission work is sustained and resourced for the future.

We’re partnering with IMJP to recruit a thoughtful and proactive Trust Fundraiser to focus on securing income from trusts and foundations in the UK and internationally. This is a hands-on role, well suited to someone who enjoys producing high-quality written work, managing a varied funding pipeline, and stewarding relationships with care and integrity.

Working closely with the Head of Fundraising and colleagues across the organisation, you’ll play a key role in researching opportunities, developing compelling funding applications, and clearly communicating the impact of IMJP’s work. You’ll be joining a small, committed team, supporting mission activity that is sensitive, international in scope, and rooted in prayer, compassion, and faithfulness.

We are looking for someone who can:

• Research and develop a strong pipeline of trust and foundation funding opportunities
• Write clear, compelling, and well-evidenced funding applications and reports
• Build and steward positive relationships with trust funders
• Manage multiple deadlines with accuracy, organisation, and attention to detail
• Work collaboratively with colleagues to gather information, budgets, and impact data

If you would like an informal conversation, please contact Adam Stacey at Charisma Charity Recruitment. Applications should be submitted via the Charisma website and include a CV and supporting statement. Please see the candidate pack for full details.

All applicants must be wholeheartedly committed to the aims, ethos, and values of IMJP. This post is subject to an Occupational Requirement that the post holder is a practising Christian, under Part 1 of Schedule 9 to the Equality Act 2010.

Hours: Full-time or part-time considered
Location: Remote or hybrid (office in Eynsham, Oxfordshire)

Closing date: 13 January 2026
First stage interviews with IMJP (online): w/c 19 January 2026
Second stage interviews (in-person): w/c 2 February 2026

About us

GSG Impact is a UK-registered charity with a global footprint. We work with a network of National Partners and collaborators across multiple countries to help build “impact economies”, strengthening the systems, relationships and market infrastructure that enable capital and policy to deliver better social and environmental outcomes. Our work brings together evidence, convening power and practical support, partnering with leaders across public, private and civil society to accelerate progress and share what works globally. 

The role

We are seeking an experienced Chief Operating Officer (COO) to lead our organisational operations, including finance, HR, governance, compliance and risk. You will ensure strong systems, controls and processes that enable excellent delivery across an international organisation. 

Key responsibilities

• Lead organisational operations across finance, HR, IT, legal, admin and key systems

• Own budgeting, forecasting, reporting, audit and treasury/controls

• Strengthen UK charity governance, policies, compliance and risk management

• Oversee contracts, procurement, supplier management and external advisers

• Lead people operations across multiple jurisdictions (including Employer of Record arrangements) 

About you

• Track record in UK charity governance/compliance and international operations

• Senior operational leader with strong financial and people management experience

• Confident working across complex stakeholder environments and multi-country teams

• Clear communicator, pragmatic problem-solver, calm under pressure 

How to apply

Please send CV (max 2 pages) and a cover letter (max 1 page) explaining your suitability.

GSG Impact is an equal opportunities employer and welcomes applications from all backgrounds. We are committed to safeguarding and will carry out appropriate pre-employment checks.

We reserve the right to close this vacancy early if we receive sufficient applications or appoint a suitable candidate before the advertised closing date.

Business Development Officer 

Salary: £28,346 – £31,656 (depending on experience) (see below for more details on remuneration)

About Voice 21

Voice 21 is the national oracy education charity. We exist to empower every child to use their voice for success in school and life. Our work transforms learning and life chances through talk by increasing access to a high-quality oracy education for those that need it most. Follow the links to find out more about why oracy is so vital and the impact Voice 21 has.

Your opportunity

Tackle a vital challenge, with great people.  Voice 21 exists to transform children' s learning and life chances through talk and we are aiming to be working with 2,000 schools a year by 2025. To reach this goal we recruit great people and give them real responsibility, training and support.

Output focused culture, with flexible working opportunities. We have an agile and flexible approach – our team can work when and wherever works best to deliver the requirements of their role. For staff working at home, we support them to create a workspace and provide technology that enables them to work effectively.

Real development opportunities. We believe in supporting people to develop the skills they need to be excellent – whether this means funding external training, finding a mentor to support them or giving them the time to learn from others in the organisations through our regular CPD sessions. We also offer paid study leave for team members taking part in formal studies outside of work.

Great benefits. 33 days holiday (inclusive of bank holidays) and additional Christmas closure period. Holiday entitlement increases linked to length of service, 5% employer contribution to pension, interest-free season ticket, cycle and technology loans, employee assistance scheme.

Remuneration. Our pay is a band and spine point approach where there is up to 7 years progression available (depending on starting point).

Your purpose

To support school recruitment by analysing school and trust data, identifying areas of opportunity, and holding early conversations to understand context and check alignment with our membership criteria. You will qualify leads, progress straightforward opportunities, and help ensure schools receive clear information and timely follow-up. Your insight will support targeted campaigns, pipeline planning, and a smooth route into membership.

Who you are

We’re looking for someone who combines thoughtful desk-based research with strong interpersonal skills, and who enjoys turning insight into focused, well-judged outreach. You’ll be confident speaking to schools and trusts, able to understand their context quickly, and comfortable moving from analysis to action.

Your responsibilities

Speaking to schools and trusts 

• Hold early conversations with schools and trusts, using insight as a starting point but leading with curiosity, listening carefully to their situation and getting quickly to the heart of whether there is a good fit.

• Act as a thoughtful first point of contact, helping schools understand Voice 21 and decide whether joining is right for them, rather than pushing them through a process.

• Progress opportunities through the early stages of the pipeline, moving confidently from research to conversation to action.

• Keep pipeline information up to date, recording what matters (context, motivations, concerns, next steps) so schools experience a joined-up and professional journey.

• Nurture early interest by sharing useful information, answering questions clearly, and booking follow-ups at the right moment.

Supporting Business Development through research and segmentation

• Turn data and insight into practical targeting decisions, building named lists of schools and trusts connected through MATs, clusters, Teaching School Hubs or local networks, so outreach is intentional rather than broad.

• Use research to shape how we approach schools, tailoring messaging and timing so conversations feel relevant to their context and priorities.

• Carry out focused desk-based research using school and trust data (GIAS, DfE, FSM/IMD, MAT structures, regional insight) to help us decide where to focus our time and energy.

• Share insight with colleagues, including patterns emerging from both the data and conversations with schools.

• Support events and outreach activity by helping identify who to invite, shaping follow-up, and ensuring learning feeds back into future targeting.

• Take on practical research and follow-up work that enables senior colleagues to focus on larger MATs, strategic partnerships and more complex opportunities.

Your progression 

 
Within 1 month, you’ll have:

• Understood our segmentation logic and data sources, and started to have ideas of how to support this work.

• Begun supporting early outreach with named schools and trusts.

• Held your first qualification calls (supervised and supported).

• Met colleagues across Growth, Programmes, and Events.

Within 3 months, you’ll have:

• Created lists of priority schools and groups based on need and opportunity.

• Shared insights that support targeted campaigns.

• Managed a steady set of early-stage conversations.

• Contributed to event planning and follow-up.

 Within 6 months, you’ll have:

• Helped progress a number of schools through to joining.

• Provided useful insight that shapes where we focus.

• Supported regional or trust-level activity.

• Helped build a warm list of schools not yet ready to join.

From 6 months onwards, we expect you to be:

• Confident working with education data and context.

• Managing the early pipeline smoothly and accurately.

• Sharing patterns and opportunities with colleagues.

• Helping ensure that schools have a clear, positive experience of Voice 21 from first contact.

This job is for you if...

• You are comfortable working with data and spreadsheets.

• You enjoy speaking with external stakeholders, can ask great questions, and understand the impact of their answers.

• You are comfortable learning new systems and working with digital tools like CRMs.

• You can organise information clearly and keep things moving.

• You like spotting patterns and making helpful recommendations.

• You are curious, friendly and motivated by helping schools take part.

• You enjoy both independent work and being part of a small, collaborative team.

Who you’ll work with: 

• As part of our Operations Directorate, you’ll work in the Growth team with our Head of Growth, Marketing Lead, and Senior Business Development Lead.

• You’ll work closely with our Events, Comms, and Programmes teams as well as the wider Ops Directorate.

Where you’ll work: Remote, with potential regional and national travel to visit schools and attend Development Days/meetings, including some overnight stays. 

Terms: Full Time 

Application details 

To apply: 

Please apply with your CV and a short cover letter with the subject line:
“Business Development Officer application.”

Your cover letter should briefly:

1. What do you think are the main challenges of nurturing the sales / business development pipeline within the education sector? (max. 400 words).
    

2. What are the opportunities you foresee for Voice 21 in 2026? What are potential challenges? (max 400 words).

We welcome applications from candidates based anywhere in the UK.

Closing date: Midnight, 11th January 2026.

Interview date: TBC but beginning as soon as suitable candidates are found. 

Start date: ASAP.

Questions: If you have any questions about the role, or would like to discuss it before submitting an application, please contact John Stabler-Wright.

Valuing every voice

Voice 21 believes that every voice should be heard and valued. We are committed to the equal treatment of all current and prospective employees and do not condone discrimination on the basis of age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, pregnancy and maternity, race or ethnicity, religion or belief, gender identity, or marriage and civil partnership.

We aspire to have a diverse and inclusive workplace and strongly encourage suitably qualified applicants from a wide range of backgrounds to apply and join Voice 21.

We are looking for a dynamic, values-led, strategic leader to drive our mission for migration justice and social work solidarity. The role entails oversight of the operations and strategy of the organisation, responsibility for financial management and fundraising, maintaining the health of the organisation and embedding anti-racist and anti-opressive values into every aspect of the organisation. 

Oak is a fully remote, mission-driven organisation offering high levels of flexibility, autonomy, and purpose. We’re a national not-for-profit organisation working in partnership with teachers to create high-quality, sequenced curriculum and lesson resources for pupils across all subjects and age groups.

Our culture has been independently recognised through:

• Flexa verified (93% overall score, including 95% for working hours and 97% for role modelling)

• Escape the City's Top 1% Employers – based on anonymous colleague reviews of culture, development, and impact

• Investors in People Gold - through external accreditation and colleague feedback

�� About the Role

Oak provides school teachers and pupils with the highest-quality curriculum and lesson resources across all subjects and age groups.

In this role, you will join our engineering leadership team to manage engineers across our product squads and platform teams, supporting them to thrive and grow. You will work closely with product and platform colleagues to enable effective delivery and continuous improvement, and you will contribute to hiring a diverse mix of permanent colleagues and freelancers to ensure we have the capability needed to deliver our ambitious goals.

Our engineers work in cross-functional product squads alongside designers, researchers, and education experts, regularly releasing new features and improvements that provide teachers and pupils with quick and easy access to high-quality learning resources.

�� What You’ll Be Doing

• Develop and manage a high-performing team 

• Lead the continuous improvement of software engineering practices and processes

• Working with product managers, manage the engineering backlog ensuring that important tasks are prioritised alongside bugs and product features

• Prioritise the hiring and retention of a diverse, engaged and collaborative team of engineers

• As a member of the Oak Team, contribute to the planning and culture of the organisation.

• Work in cross-functional and product-oriented squads with colleagues from across the organisation, as required.

• Deputise for the Head of Engineering and take on other general responsibilities as required.

�� What We’re Looking For

• 2+ years experience leading the continuous improvement of an engineering team’s processes and practices

• Experience of recruiting, developing and managing a high performing engineering team

• Substantial experience working in cross functional teams or squads

• Can demonstrate an understanding of how modern web applications work

• Extensive knowledge of the software product development lifecycle and how it influences the success of a product and a team

• You will be comfortable working at pace, with a range of digital systems (including proprietary ones as required) and you will continuously look at ways that the team can keep getting better. You will be excellent at working as part of a remote team, building relationships and managing your time effectively.

If this sounds like what you’d love to be doing, we can’t wait to hear from you. If you’re not sure that you exactly fit the above criteria, get in touch anyway. Ability and attitude are just as important as experience!

�� Our Benefits

• 25 days annual leave, plus one extra day for each year of service (up to 28)

• Additional Oak closure days over Christmas/New Year

• 11% employer pension contribution (with no minimum employee contribution)

• A 36-hour working week, with half-days on Fridays or every other Friday off

• Fully remote working — we’ll support your home set-up and offer coworking options if preferred

• Twice-yearly in-person offsites to collaborate, connect, and have fun

• A culture that genuinely supports flexibility, autonomy, and trust

�� Inclusion and Belonging

We believe diverse teams build better products. We warmly welcome applicants from all backgrounds, particularly those who are underrepresented in the tech and education sectors.

We use the Applied recruitment platform to help reduce bias in our hiring process.

�� Key Info

• Location: Remote, but you must be based in the UK with the legal right to work here

• Sponsorship: Unfortunately, we’re unable to offer visa sponsorship at this time

• Closing date: We’ll be reviewing applications as they come in and may close the role early

If this sounds like the kind of role and team where you could do your life’s best work, we’d love to hear from you.

Next steps

You’ll answer some questions related to your day-to-day job. Your answers will go through our sift process: all answers will be anonymised, randomised, and then reviewed by a panel of reviewers (real humans).

If you are shortlisted, we’ll invite you to the next stage, which will consist of a 1-hour Zoom interview to discuss your experience in the role.

We love giving feedback, so at the end of the application process, we'll share how well you performed.

We aim to begin interviews in late January/early February 2026.

We are receiving excellent responses to our job advertisements. This may lead us to close the role early, so if you are considering applying, then please get your application in early to avoid missing out.

We are an equal opportunities employer.

We are committed to a policy of Equal Employment Opportunity and are determined to ensure that no applicant or employee receives less favourable treatment on the grounds of gender, age, disability, religion, belief, sexual orientation, marital status, or race, or is disadvantaged by conditions or requirements which cannot be shown to be justifiable.